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draft-ietf-secsh-userauth-17.txt




-- 
Darren J Moffat

Network Working Group                                          T. Ylonen
Internet-Draft                                                T. Kivinen
Expires: March 2, 2003                  SSH Communications Security Corp
                                                             M. Saarinen
                                                 University of Jyvaskyla
                                                                T. Rinne
                                                             S. Lehtinen
                                        SSH Communications Security Corp
                                                          September 2002


                      SSH Authentication Protocol
                    draft-ietf-secsh-userauth-17.txt

Status of this Memo

      This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
      all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

      Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
      Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
      other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
      Drafts.

      Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
      months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
      documents at any time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts
      as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in
      progress."

      The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
      http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

      The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
      http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

      This Internet-Draft will expire on March 2, 2003.

Copyright Notice

      Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

      SSH is a protocol for secure remote login and other secure network
      services over an insecure network.  This document describes the
      SSH authentication protocol framework and public key, password,
      and host-based client authentication methods.  Additional
      authentication methods are described in separate documents.  The



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      SSH authentication protocol runs on top of the SSH transport layer
      protocol and provides a single authenticated tunnel for the SSH
      connection protocol.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  The Authentication Protocol Framework  . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.1 Authentication Requests  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.2 Responses to Authentication Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.3 The "none" Authentication Request  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.4 Completion of User Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.5 Banner Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   3.  Authentication Protocol Message Numbers  . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.  Public Key Authentication Method: publickey  . . . . . . . . .  7
   5.  Password Authentication Method: password . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   6.  Host-Based Authentication: hostbased . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   8.  Intellectual Property  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   9.  Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15




























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   1. Introduction

      The SSH authentication protocol is a general-purpose user
      authentication protocol.  It is intended to be run over the SSH
      transport layer protocol [SSH-TRANS].  This protocol assumes that
      the underlying protocols provide integrity and confidentiality
      protection.

      This document should be read only after reading the SSH
      architecture document [SSH-ARCH].  This document freely uses
      terminology and notation from the architecture document without
      reference or further explanation.

      The service name for this protocol is "ssh-userauth".

      When this protocol starts, it receives the session identifier from
      the lower-level protocol (this is the exchange hash H from the
      first key exchange).  The session identifier uniquely identifies
      this session and is suitable for signing in order to prove
      ownership of a private key.  This protocol also needs to know
      whether the lower-level protocol provides confidentiality
      protection.

   2. The Authentication Protocol Framework

      The server drives the authentication by telling the client which
      authentication methods can be used to continue the exchange at any
      given time.  The client has the freedom to try the methods listed
      by the server in any order.  This gives the server complete
      control over the authentication process if desired, but also gives
      enough flexibility for the client to use the methods it supports
      or that are most convenient for the user, when multiple methods
      are offered by the server.

      Authentication methods are identified by their name, as defined in
      [SSH-ARCH].  The "none" method is reserved, and MUST NOT be listed
      as supported.  However, it MAY be sent by the client.  The server
      MUST always reject this request, unless the client is to be
      allowed in without any authentication, in which case the server
      MUST accept this request.  The main purpose of sending this
      request is to get the list of supported methods from the server.

      The server SHOULD have a timeout for authentication, and
      disconnect if the authentication has not been accepted within the
      timeout period.  The RECOMMENDED timeout period is 10 minutes.
      Additionally, the implementation SHOULD limit the number of failed
      authentication attempts a client may perform in a single session
      (the RECOMMENDED limit is 20 attempts).  If the threshold is



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      exceeded, the server SHOULD disconnect.

   2.1 Authentication Requests

      All authentication requests MUST use the following message format.
      Only the first few fields are defined; the remaining fields depend
      on the authentication method.

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
     string    user name (in ISO-10646 UTF-8 encoding [RFC2279])
     string    service name (in US-ASCII)
     string    method name (US-ASCII)
     The rest of the packet is method-specific.

      The user name and service are repeated in every new authentication
      attempt, and MAY change.  The server implementation MUST carefully
      check them in every message, and MUST flush any accumulated
      authentication states if they change.  If it is unable to flush
      some authentication state, it MUST disconnect if the user or
      service name changes.

      The service name specifies the service to start after
      authentication.  There may be several different authenticated
      services provided.  If the requested service is not available, the
      server MAY disconnect immediately or at any later time.  Sending a
      proper disconnect message is RECOMMENDED.  In any case, if the
      service does not exist, authentication MUST NOT be accepted.

      If the requested user does not exist, the server MAY disconnect,
      or MAY send a bogus list of acceptable authentication methods, but
      never accept any.  This makes it possible for the server to avoid
      disclosing information on which accounts exist.  In any case, if
      the user does not exist, the authentication request MUST NOT be
      accepted.

      While there is usually little point for clients to send requests
      that the server does not list as acceptable, sending such requests
      is not an error, and the server SHOULD simply reject requests that
      it does not recognize.

      An authentication request MAY result in a further exchange of
      messages.  All such messages depend on the authentication method
      used, and the client MAY at any time continue with a new
      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST message, in which case the server MUST
      abandon the previous authentication attempt and continue with the
      new one.





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   2.2 Responses to Authentication Requests

      If the server rejects the authentication request, it MUST respond
      with the following:

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE
     string    authentications that can continue
     boolean   partial success

      "Authentications that can continue" is a comma-separated list of
      authentication method names that may productively continue the
      authentication dialog.

      It is RECOMMENDED that servers only include those methods in the
      list that are actually useful.  However, it is not illegal to
      include methods that cannot be used to authenticate the user.

      Already successfully completed authentications SHOULD NOT be
      included in the list, unless they really should be performed again
      for some reason.

      "Partial success" MUST be TRUE if the authentication request to
      which this is a response was successful.  It MUST be FALSE if the
      request was not successfully processed.

      When the server accepts authentication, it MUST respond with the
      following:

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS

      Note that this is not sent after each step in a multi-method
      authentication sequence, but only when the authentication is
      complete.

      The client MAY send several authentication requests without
      waiting for responses from previous requests.  The server MUST
      process each request completely and acknowledge any failed
      requests with a SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE message before processing
      the next request.

      A request that results in further exchange of messages will be
      aborted by a second request.  It is not possible to send a second
      request without waiting for a response from the server, if the
      first request will result in further exchange of messages.  No
      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE message will be sent for the aborted
      method.

      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS MUST be sent only once.  When



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      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS has been sent, any further authentication
      requests received after that SHOULD be silently ignored.

      Any non-authentication messages sent by the client after the
      request that resulted in SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS being sent MUST
      be passed to the service being run on top of this protocol.  Such
      messages can be identified by their message numbers (see Section
      Message Numbers (Section 3)).

   2.3 The "none" Authentication Request

      A client may request a list of authentication methods that may
      continue by using the "none" authentication method.

      If no authentication at all is needed for the user, the server
      MUST return SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS.  Otherwise, the server MUST
      return SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE and MAY return with it a list of
      authentication methods that can continue.

      This method MUST NOT be listed as supported by the server.

   2.4 Completion of User Authentication

      Authentication is complete when the server has responded with
      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS; all authentication related messages
      received after sending this message SHOULD be silently ignored.

      After sending SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, the server starts the
      requested service.

   2.5 Banner Message

      In some jurisdictions, sending a warning message before
      authentication may be relevant for getting legal protection.  Many
      UNIX machines, for example, normally display text from
      `/etc/issue', or use "tcp wrappers" or similar software to display
      a banner before issuing a login prompt.

      The SSH server may send a SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER message at any
      time before authentication is successful.  This message contains
      text to be displayed to the client user before authentication is
      attempted.  The format is as follows:

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER
     string    message (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
     string    language tag (as defined in [RFC1766])

      The client SHOULD by default display the message on the screen.



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      However, since the message is likely to be sent for every login
      attempt, and since some client software will need to open a
      separate window for this warning, the client software may allow
      the user to explicitly disable the display of banners from the
      server.  The message may consist of multiple lines.

      If the message string is displayed, control character filtering
      discussed in [SSH-ARCH] SHOULD be used to avoid attacks by sending
      terminal control characters.

   3. Authentication Protocol Message Numbers

      All message numbers used by this authentication protocol are in
      the range from 50 to 79, which is part of the range reserved for
      protocols running on top of the SSH transport layer protocol.

      Message numbers of 80 and higher are reserved for protocols
      running after this authentication protocol, so receiving one of
      them before authentication is complete is an error, to which the
      server MUST respond by disconnecting (preferably with a proper
      disconnect message sent first to ease troubleshooting).

      After successful authentication, such messages are passed to the
      higher-level service.

      These are the general authentication message codes:

     #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST            50
     #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE            51
     #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS            52
     #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_BANNER             53

      In addition to the above, there is a range of message numbers
      (60..79) reserved for method-specific messages.  These messages
      are only sent by the server (client sends only
      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST messages).  Different authentication
      methods reuse the same message numbers.

   4. Public Key Authentication Method: publickey

      The only REQUIRED authentication method is public key
      authentication.  All implementations MUST support this method;
      however, not all users need to have public keys, and most local
      policies are not likely to require public key authentication for
      all users in the near future.

      With this method, the possession of a private key serves as
      authentication.  This method works by sending a signature created



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      with a private key of the user.  The server MUST check that the
      key is a valid authenticator for the user, and MUST check that the
      signature is valid.  If both hold, the authentication request MUST
      be accepted; otherwise it MUST be rejected.  (Note that the server
      MAY require additional authentications after successful
      authentication.)

      Private keys are often stored in an encrypted form at the client
      host, and the user must supply a passphrase before the signature
      can be generated.  Even if they are not, the signing operation
      involves some expensive computation.  To avoid unnecessary
      processing and user interaction, the following message is provided
      for querying whether authentication using the key would be
      acceptable.

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
     string    user name
     string    service
     string    "publickey"
     boolean   FALSE
     string    public key algorithm name
     string    public key blob

      Public key algorithms are defined in the transport layer
      specification [SSH-TRANS].  The public key blob may contain
      certificates.

      Any public key algorithm may be offered for use in authentication.
      In particular, the list is not constrained by what was negotiated
      during key exchange.  If the server does not support some
      algorithm, it MUST simply reject the request.

      The server MUST respond to this message with either
      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE or with the following:

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PK_OK
     string    public key algorithm name from the request
     string    public key blob from the request

      To perform actual authentication, the client MAY then send a
      signature generated using the private key.  The client MAY send
      the signature directly without first verifying whether the key is
      acceptable.  The signature is sent using the following packet:

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
     string    user name
     string    service
     string    "publickey"



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     boolean   TRUE
     string    public key algorithm name
     string    public key to be used for authentication
     string    signature

      Signature is a signature by the corresponding private key over the
      following data, in the following order:

     string    session identifier
     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
     string    user name
     string    service
     string    "publickey"
     boolean   TRUE
     string    public key algorithm name
     string    public key to be used for authentication

      When the server receives this message, it MUST check whether the
      supplied key is acceptable for authentication, and if so, it MUST
      check whether the signature is correct.

      If both checks succeed, this method is successful.  Note that the
      server may require additional authentications.  The server MUST
      respond with SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS (if no more authentications
      are needed), or SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE (if the request failed,
      or more authentications are needed).

      The following method-specific message numbers are used by the
      publickey authentication method.

     /* Key-based */
     #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PK_OK              60


   5. Password Authentication Method: password

      Password authentication uses the following packets.  Note that a
      server MAY request the user to change the password.  All
      implementations SHOULD support password authentication.

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
     string    user name
     string    service
     string    "password"
     boolean   FALSE
     string    plaintext password (ISO-10646 UTF-8)

      Note that the password is encoded in ISO-10646 UTF-8.  It is up to



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      the server how it interprets the password and validates it against
      the password database.  However, if the client reads the password
      in some other encoding (e.g., ISO 8859-1 (ISO Latin1)), it MUST
      convert the password to ISO-10646 UTF-8 before transmitting, and
      the server MUST convert the password to the encoding used on that
      system for passwords.

      Note that even though the cleartext password is transmitted in the
      packet, the entire packet is encrypted by the transport layer.
      Both the server and the client should check whether the underlying
      transport layer provides confidentiality (i.e., if encryption is
      being used).  If no confidentiality is provided (none cipher),
      password authentication SHOULD be disabled.  If there is no
      confidentiality or no MAC, password change SHOULD be disabled.

      Normally, the server responds to this message with success or
      failure.  However, if the password has expired the server SHOULD
      indicate this by responding with
      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ.  In anycase the server MUST NOT
      allow an expired password to be used for authentication.

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ
     string    prompt (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
     string    language tag (as defined in [RFC1766])

      In this case, the client MAY continue with a different
      authentication method, or request a new password from the user and
      retry password authentication using the following message.  The
      client MAY also send this message instead of the normal password
      authentication request without the server asking for it.

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
     string    user name
     string    service
     string    "password"
     boolean   TRUE
     string    plaintext old password (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
     string    plaintext new password (ISO-10646 UTF-8)

      The server must reply to request message with
      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS, SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE, or another
      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ.  The meaning of these is as
      follows:

         SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_SUCCESS The password has been changed, and
         authentication has been successfully completed.

         SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE with partial success The password has



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         been changed, but more authentications are needed.

         SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_FAILURE without partial success The password
         has not been changed.  Either password changing was not
         supported, or the old password was bad.  Note that if the
         server has already sent SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ, we
         know that it supports changing the password.

         SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_CHANGEREQ The password was not changed because
         the new password was not acceptable (e.g.  too easy to guess).

      The following method-specific message numbers are used by the
      password authentication method.

     #define SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_PASSWD_CHANGEREQ   60


   6. Host-Based Authentication: hostbased

      Some sites wish to allow authentication based on the host where
      the user is coming from, and the user name on the remote host.
      While this form of authentication is not suitable for high-
      security sites, it can be very convenient in many environments.
      This form of authentication is OPTIONAL.  When used, special care
      SHOULD be taken to prevent a regular user from obtaining the
      private host key.

      The client requests this form of authentication by sending the
      following message.  It is similar to the UNIX "rhosts" and
      "hosts.equiv" styles of authentication, except that the identity
      of the client host is checked more rigorously.

      This method works by having the client send a signature created
      with the private key of the client host, which the server checks
      with that host's public key.  Once the client host's identity is
      established, authorization (but no further authentication) is
      performed based on the user names on the server and the client,
      and the client host name.

     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
     string    user name
     string    service
     string    "hostbased"
     string    public key algorithm for host key
     string    public host key and certificates for client host
     string    client host name (FQDN; US-ASCII)
     string    user name on the client host (ISO-10646 UTF-8)
     string    signature



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      Public key algorithm names for use in "public key algorithm for
      host key" are defined in the transport layer specification.  The
      "public host key for client host" may include certificates.

      Signature is a signature with the private host key of the
      following data, in this order:

     string    session identifier
     byte      SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST
     string    user name
     string    service
     string    "hostbased"
     string    public key algorithm for host key
     string    public host key and certificates for client host
     string    client host name (FQDN; US-ASCII)
     string    user name on the client host(ISO-10646 UTF-8)

      The server MUST verify that the host key actually belongs to the
      client host named in the message, that the given user on that host
      is allowed to log in, and that the signature is a valid signature
      on the appropriate value by the given host key.  The server MAY
      ignore the client user name, if it wants to authenticate only the
      client host.

      It is RECOMMENDED that whenever possible, the server perform
      additional checks to verify that the network address obtained from
      the (untrusted) network matches the given client host name.  This
      makes exploiting compromised host keys more difficult.  Note that
      this may require special handling for connections coming through a
      firewall.

   7. Security Considerations

      The purpose of this protocol is to perform client user
      authentication.  It assumed that this runs over a secure transport
      layer protocol, which has already authenticated the server
      machine, established an encrypted communications channel, and
      computed a unique session identifier for this session.  The
      transport layer provides forward secrecy for password
      authentication and other methods that rely on secret data.

      Full security considerations for this protocol are provided in
      Section 8 of [SSH-ARCH]

   8. Intellectual Property

      The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
      intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to



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      pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described
      in this document or the extent to which any license under such
      rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent
      that it has made any effort to identify any such rights.
      Information on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in
      standards-track and standards-related documentation can be found
      in BCP-11.  Copies of claims of rights made available for
      publication and any assurances of licenses to be made available,
      or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or
      permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers
      or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF
      Secretariat.

      The IETF has been notified of intellectual property rights claimed
      in regard to some or all of the specification contained in this
      document.  For more information consult the online list of claimed
      rights.

   9. Additional Information

      The current document editor is: Darren.Moffat%Sun.COM@localhost.  Comments
      on this internet draft should be sent to the IETF SECSH working
      group, details at: http://ietf.org/html.charters/secsh-
      charter.html

References

      [RFC1766]       Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of
                      Languages", RFC 1766, March 1995.

      [RFC2279]       Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of
                      ISO 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.

      [SSH-ARCH]      Ylonen, T., "SSH Protocol Architecture", I-D
                      draft-ietf-architecture-14.txt, July 2003.

      [SSH-TRANS]     Ylonen, T., "SSH Transport Layer Protocol", I-D
                      draft-ietf-transport-16.txt, July 2003.

      [SSH-USERAUTH]  Ylonen, T., "SSH Authentication Protocol", I-D
                      draft-ietf-userauth-17.txt, July 2003.

      [SSH-CONNECT]   Ylonen, T., "SSH Connection Protocol", I-D draft-
                      ietf-connect-17.txt, July 2003.

      [SSH-NUMBERS]   Lehtinen, S. and D. Moffat, "SSH Protocol Assigned
                      Numbers", I-D draft-ietf-secsh-assignednumbers-
                      03.txt, July 2003.



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Authors' Addresses

   Tatu Ylonen
   SSH Communications Security Corp
   Fredrikinkatu 42
   HELSINKI  FIN-00100
   Finland

   EMail: ylo%ssh.com@localhost


   Tero Kivinen
   SSH Communications Security Corp
   Fredrikinkatu 42
   HELSINKI  FIN-00100
   Finland

   EMail: kivinen%ssh.com@localhost


   Markku-Juhani O. Saarinen
   University of Jyvaskyla


   Timo J. Rinne
   SSH Communications Security Corp
   Fredrikinkatu 42
   HELSINKI  FIN-00100
   Finland

   EMail: tri%ssh.com@localhost


   Sami Lehtinen
   SSH Communications Security Corp
   Fredrikinkatu 42
   HELSINKI  FIN-00100
   Finland

   EMail: sjl%ssh.com@localhost











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Full Copyright Statement

      Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002).  All Rights Reserved.

      This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished
      to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise
      explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared,
      copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without
      restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice
      and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative
      works.  However, this document itself may not be modified in any
      way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the
      Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed
      for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the
      procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards
      process must be followed, or as required to translate it into
      languages other than English.

      The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not
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      This document and the information contained herein is provided on
      an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
      ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
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      WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

      Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
      Internet Society.



















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